What causes acne on the face?

 
Acne on the face is primarily caused by a combination of factors that lead to clogged pores and inflammation. Here are some key causes:

1. Excess Oil Production: The skin produces natural oils (sebum) to keep it moisturized, but too much oil can mix with dead skin cells and clog pores, leading to acne.
2. Hormonal Changes: Hormones, especially androgens, can increase oil production. This is why acne often appears during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or when starting or stopping birth control pills.
3. Clogged Pores: Dead skin cells that don’t shed properly can mix with oil, blocking pores and leading to blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples.
4. Bacteria: The bacteria Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) naturally live on the skin, but when pores are clogged, it can multiply and cause inflammation, resulting in pimples.
5. Inflammation: When the body tries to fight off bacteria and clogged pores, it can cause inflammation, which leads to red, swollen, and sometimes painful acne.
6. Diet: Certain foods, particularly those high in sugar, dairy, or refined carbohydrates, may increase insulin levels and stimulate oil production, potentially worsening acne.
7. Stress: Stress doesn’t directly cause acne, but it can trigger hormone fluctuations that increase oil production, making acne worse.
8. Improper Skincare Routine: Using products that are too harsh, oily, or not suited for one’s skin type can clog pores. Not cleansing the skin properly can also contribute to buildup and breakouts.
9. Genetics: Family history plays a role; if one or both parents had acne, you’re more likely to experience it.
   Environmental Factors: Pollution, high humidity, and frequent contact with dirty surfaces (like phones, hands, or pillowcases) can introduce bacteria and clog pores.