What is infiltration in IV therapy?

Infiltration is a common complication of intravenous (IV) therapy where the IV fluid or medication unintentionally leaks into the surrounding tissue instead of being delivered into the vein. Here’s a detailed explanation:

• Causes:

  • IV catheter dislodges from the vein.
  • Vein is punctured during insertion or becomes damaged over time.
  • Excessive pressure from the IV fluid flow.

• Signs and Symptoms:

  • Swelling around the IV site.
  • Coolness to touch at the affected area.
  • Pain or discomfort at the site.
  • Blanching or paleness of the skin.
  • Reduced or no blood return when the IV line is checked.

• Potential Complications:

  • Localized tissue damage if the infiltrated fluid is irritating or a vesicant (e.g., certain medications like chemotherapy drugs).
  • Skin necrosis or severe injury in extreme cases.

• Treatment:

  • Stop the infusion immediately.
  • Remove the IV catheter.
  • Elevate the affected limb to reduce swelling.
  • Apply a cold or warm compress depending on the type of infiltrated fluid (cold for non-irritating fluids, warm for irritating fluids).
  • Monitor the site for any signs of further complications.

• Prevention:

  • Use proper insertion techniques and secure the catheter properly.
  • Regularly monitor the IV site for any signs of infiltration.
  • Avoid high-pressure IV infusions unless necessary.

Infiltration is generally manageable if detected early, so it’s important for healthcare providers to remain vigilant during IV therapy. Patients should also inform their provider if they notice any unusual symptoms at the IV site.